A patient may be told by a dental professional that they have signs of tooth resorption. Patients with this diagnosis may be initially concerned and curious what tooth resorption means. Tooth resorption is relatively common and often occurs when the body rejects a tooth in self-defense. This often takes place from a traumatic injury or accident.
In dentistry, resorption is used to describe the inflammation and loss of the dentin or cementum. Dentin is a tissue inside the tooth which is located below the outer layer of enamel. Cementum is a material which covers the roots. The two main types of resorption and treatment options are summarized below.
Internal Resorption
Internal resorption occurs when the dentin or cementum is absorbed into the tooth. This causes inflammation of the tooth's inner and outer surfaces. Following an injury to a tooth, the tissue becomes inflamed. It is then absorbed back into the root of the tooth. Over time, this results in a hollow tooth that is incredibly weak and at a high risk for damage or decay. Various injuries can cause internal resorption in a tooth. This may include an injury or trauma, exposure to high heat or harsh chemicals, and the pulp being invaded by harmful bacteria.
One of the first signs of internal resorption is the tooth having a reddish color or dark spots. The dentist will typically order X-rays in order to determine where the dental lesions inside the tooth. These images also give them visibility to the inside of the tooth.
External Resorption
External resorption is similar in many ways to internal resorption. It can even be difficult to differentiate from internal resorption. This type of resorption is often caused by trauma to the teeth. Patients who experience rapid orthodontic movement from braces or other treatments may have external resorption. An infection of the gums can also be the culprit. Damage to the outside portion of the tooth can lead to issues such as infection, tooth loss, shifting of the teeth, and other types of problems.
Treatment
It is imperative for patients to follow up with a dentist right away if they notice any signs of resorption or experience an injury to the mouth. When the issue is detected in a timely manner, it helps ensure successful recovery and a positive outcome. The treatment methods used for tooth resorption may vary based on the severity of the issue and specific case. The dental professional may perform a root canal treatment where the tooth is filled and sealed. This helps preserve the tooth and prevent further damage. In cases of severe tooth resorption, the tooth may require extraction. When restoration is caught in the early stages and the damage is minimal, an oral surgeon can complete a minor surgery to expose the damaged area. The damaged cells are then removed to eliminate the problem from progressing.
Prevention of resorption is highly effective. Patients can help prevent resorption and other oral health issues through good oral hygiene. This includes twice daily brushing and daily flossing in addition to making regular visits to the dentist for an exam and professional cleaning. Unfortunately, it is still possible for resorption to occur even when patients are meticulous in their oral hygiene. This is especially common in cases of unexpected trauma or an infection. Patients who participate in sports should protect their teeth by wearing a mouthguard. Patients who have an unexpected injury or start noticing signs of infection, should follow up with a dentist immediately to determine the cause and begin treatment.